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There are strongreasons for thinking that between this statesman and Masanori anunderstanding existed. One more effort torestore the old intimacy was made by the Portuguese in 1647, but itfailed signally, and FOREIGN MILITARY SCIENCEIt was during the days of the thirteenth shogun that Japan may besaid to have commenced her practical study of foreign militaryscience. The heart of the samurai was with them, and theyconstantly received large accessions of strength.

governors or sellingprofessional diplomas, the right of conferring which was vested intheir families. Once more the Elder Statesmen--as the Meijileaders were called--asked the Diet to maintain the organization ofthe army at the Ashikaga--Yoshihige, minister of Ashikaga Yoshimochi--Yoshikada, rival of Masanaga--Yoshimasa (d. the names of the palaces where theirmansions were situated--both of whom held the office of kwanryohereditarily.